Term Exam Sample Paper Essay Example for Free

Term Exam Sample Paper testifyThis sample test should only be used as a guide to the styles of questions. The topics covered present ar not exhaustive. Your revision should not be based on these set of questions only. The level of worry of this sample test is also NOT indicative of the level of difficulty of the actual test. The answers are provided at the end of the document. 1. A reasonable estimate of the annual stock(a) divergence of return of the stock market place would be? a. Less than 5 percentage. b. Between 5 and 10 percent. c. Between 15 and 25 percent d. More than 30 percent e. Impossible to estimate 2.A objectify has an expected cash combine of $200, in year 1. The attempt-free range is 6%, the market rate of return is 16%, and the designs of import is 1. 5. Calculate the certainty equivalent cash flow for year 1. a. $175. 21 b. $164. 29 c. $228. 30 d. $212. 56 e. none of the supra 3. Share X has a standard deviation of return of 10%, ploughshare Y ha s a standard deviation of return of 20%. The correlation coefficient between the shares is 0. 5. If you invest 60% of your funds in share X and 40% in share Y, what is the standard deviation of the portfolio? a. 10% b. 20% c. 12. 2% d. 14. 0% e. None of the above 4.Richard Rolls critique of tests of the not bad(p) asset pricing set is that a. Given an efficient market portfolio the CAPM is tautology b. The market portfolio is not efficient c. You need to test the mould using the market portfolio for all capital assets d. a and c e. a and b 5. The Template connection has an equity important of 1. 2 and a debt beta of . 8. The firms market value debt to equity ratio is . 6. If it undertakes a new project with the same lay on the line profile, what is the project beta (assuming zero tax rate)? a. 0. 70 b. 0. 72 c. 0. 96 d. 1. 04 e. 1. 05 6. Consider following data on three shares Share Standard Deviation A 0. 6 B 0. 30 C 0. 20 Beta 1. 00 0. 80 1. 29 Assuming that you wished to i nform risk, you would select share if the share was held in on its own, and you would select share if the share was to be added to a portfolio. a b c d e 7. A, A A, B B, A B, C C, A In a portfolio of three different shares, which of the following is NOT possible? a. b. c. d. e. The risk of the portfolio is less than the risk of to each one of the shares held in isolation. The risk of the portfolio is greater than the risk of one of the shares. The beta of the portfolio is less than the beta of each of the individual shares.The beta of the portfolio is greater than the beta of one of the individual shares betas. The standard deviation of the portfolio is greater than the standard deviation of the risk free asset. 8. You hold a diversified portfolio consisting of 20 different shares with $1,000 invested in each. The portfolio beta is equal to 1. 35. You have decided to sell all your holding of Edna Average Cosmetics Ltd which has a beta of 1. You provide reinvest the proceeds in Agg ressive Action Ltd which has a beta of 2. What is the new beta of the portfolio? a. b. c. d. e. 1. 35 2. 35 1. 45 1. 10 1. 40 9.A company is considering an investment in a new project. That project is best evaluated as though a. b. c. d. e. It is a stand alone project independent of the company and so its risk is amountd as variance. Its risk is adjusted to allow for diversification with the companies existing projects Its equal of capital is the weighted average cost of capital Its risk is evaluated as though it were traded in the capital markets None of the above 10 Is the portfolio with the minimum possible variance an efficient portfolio? a. b. c. d. e. Yes No Yes, but only for risk loving investors Yes, but only for investors who will not take any risk.Yes, but only for investors who are risk neutral. 11. For a two-stock portfolio, the maximum reduction in risk occurs when the correlation coefficient between the two stocks is A) +1 B) 0 C) -0. 5 D) -1 E) None of the above 12. The variance or standard deviation is a measure of A) Total risk B) Unique risk C) Market risk D) Bankruptcy risk E) None of the above 13. The risk of a well diversified portfolio depends upon the A) Market risk B) Unique risk of the securities included in the portfolio C) Number of securities in the portfolio D) Variance of the portfolio E) None of the above 4. A factor in APT is a variable that A) Affects the return of risky assets in a systematic manner B) Correlates with risky asset returns in an unsystematic manner C) Is purely noise D) Affects the return of a risky asset in a random manner E) is generally not correlated with stock returns 15. A company has a cost of capital of 15%. However, it is introducing a new product that it considers to be a very risky exertion to a well diversified investor. What can you say about the appropriate discount rate for the project?A) The rate used should be 15% B) The rate used should be lower than 15% C) The rate used should be greater th an 15% D) Any rate between 12% and 18% is gratifying E) The rate should be the expected market return. 16 What has been the average annual rate of return in real terms for a portfolio of U. S. common stocks between 1900 and 2006? a. Less than 2% b. Between 2% and 5% c. Between 5% and 8% d. Greater than 8% e. Greater than 20% 17. Mega Corporation has the following returns for the bygone three years 8%, 12% and 10%. Calculate the variance of the return and the standard deviation of the returns.

The strategic planning of Marks and Spencer

The strategic schemening of label and SpencerMarks and spencer started from pocket-size stalls start come outs one of the uks hint retail merchants with oer 15 million people visiting every year. It is giving to its guests great time value wear, advanced quality, stylish intersections as hale as outstanding quality of intellectual nourishment from different au henceticated suppliers.The livelong of the report revolves around the strategic blueprintning of well renowned political party marks and spencer, it forgeting explore the external surround, its existing business plan, major(ip) factors affecting it and the strategic option is in any case given in this report through which it can overcome the predicted barriers.Companies overviewMarks and spencer is come to existence in 1894 by the union of Michael with Tom Spencer. They employ over 65000 people, running 450 stores and as well as flourishing international business. In 2007 Marks Spencer (MS) was the UKs bigheartedst clothing retailer with a food food market piece of ground of 11.1%.Food sales accounted for 49.8% of its UK business and had a market sh ar of 4.3%. The groupsinternational business accounted for 7.1% of turnover and had grown to 219 franchise stores in34 territories worldwide as well as 8 wholly-owned stores in Hong Kong and 13 in the Republic ofIreland. During 2007, it opened 36 unfermented stores including the groups largest ever franchise store in Dubai at 52,000 sq ft. and also opened its first store in mainland China under a joint venture with President Chain Store Corporation.Strategic management provides general direction to the enterprise so Johnson and Scholes define outline as followsStrategy is the direction and scope of an ecesis over the long-term which achieves advantage for the organization through its configuration of imaginativenesss within a challenging environment, to seemly the needs of markets and to fulfill stakeholder expectations.PEST summaryPest digest is concerned with the environmental influences on a business. The acronym stands for the political, economic, social and technological issues that could affect the strategic development of a business.PoliticalEuropean Committee close to permit free flow of flock among themselves and new(prenominal) countries under foreign trade regulations makes companies to import their convergences over time easier than before. MS competitors took advantage of its high schooler embody structure and bit off some its market dowery.EconomicMS competitors argon specialised in niche markets and consumers focus which make them to provide a much better consumers satisfaction. They prefer to import their products from abroad for cost savings, this fact puts MS in a cost disadvantage for a perceived higher quality.SocialConsumers concept in the market erupt has changed they do non sense British products as of high quality. There is a shift in take in for more fashionable clot hing. Moreover the price sensitivity of the majority of the consumers has increased leaving MS in a little competitive position.TechnologicalMedia played major role of communicating new fashions to the customers. This acquaintance can be communicated to the designers and producers, so a manufacturer in Thailand or China can be aware of the current fashion trends in UK. Technology theses days are even more readily copied than before. Moreover due to the transportation speed a shipment of stock from a country in far Asia will only take a fewer days instead of a drone time period of over a month.Environmental (Ecological)Selling products produced by suppliers has a much greater affect on the environment on how these products are engrossd and disposed by consumers. Retailers use a huge range of raw materials to produce their goods. Because of this, it is critical to manage the use of these materials sensitively and pay tight-laced regard to how they affect indispensable habitats and bio-diversity.LegalOffering customers high standards of quality product are crucial to meet their requirements. MS are known for delivering world class quality products.Porter 5 Forces AnalysisThe five force postures is basically fabrication specific within which the firm exists and operates. The rationale behind this model is that industry profitability is not fixed by the product quality, nor it embodies high or low engine room. It is determined by the structure of the industry. M. Porter, Competitive Advantage of Nations, Macmillan, 1990 Porter explains that there are five forces that determine industry attractiveness and long-run industry profitability.Threat of new entrantsNew entrants to an industry can raise the aim of competition, thereby reducing its attractiveness. The threat of new entrants largely depends on the barriers to entry. High entry barriers exist in some industries whereas other industries are very easy to enter. The most common ready of entry barr iers are usually the scale and the investment unavoidable to enter an industry as an efficient competitor. In consumer product industry this dimension of competition is well prominent. All the existing domestic companies are well jell up, reputed, organized and stable manufacturers in the industry and admit their own distinct places in the market. A strength entrant whitethorn find it uneconomical to take on existing occupants and if it does the gain of market parcel out at the cost of large capital investment besides powerful retaliation of existing manufactures. It may take years (at-least 5 6 years) for an entrant to build reputation for product quality no matter how large its initial advertising campaign is.Threat of substitutesThe presence of substitute products can cut choke off industry attractiveness and profitability because they limit price levels. The threat of substitute products depends on Buyers willingness to substitute the congeneric price and performance of substitutes the cost of switching to substitutes The product category Marks and Spencer has is subjected to great threat as different other companies of UK like Primark deals with the same kind of products.Bargaining power of suppliersSuppliers are the businesses that supply materials other products into the industry. The cost of items bought from suppliers (e.g. Raw materials, components) can have a significant impact on a ac caller-outs profitability. If suppliers have high bargaining power over a company, then in theory the companys industry is less attractive. The bargaining power of suppliers will be high when There are many another(prenominal) buyers and few preponderating suppliers there are undifferentiated, highly valued products suppliers threaten to integrate forward into the industry.Bargaining power of buyersBuyers are the people who create demand in an industry. The bargaining power of buyers is greater when there are few dominant buyers and many sellers in the industry products are standardized buyers threaten to integrate backward into the industry suppliers do not threaten to integrate forward into the buyers industry. At the same time Pull dodge is followed as bottom up approach where end users pull the preferred product.Intensity of competitionThe gaudiness of challenger between competitors in an industry will depend on The structure of competition for example, rivalry is more intense where there are many small or equally sized competitors rivalry is less when an industry has a slang market leader The structure of industry costs for example, industries with high fixed costs encourage competitors to fill unused capacity by price cutting. Degree of differentiation industries where products are commodities have greater rivalry industries where competitors can differentiate their products have less rivalry. Switching costs rivalry is reduced where buyers have high switching costs i.e. there is a significant cost associate d with the decision to buy a product from an alternative supplier Strategic objectives.Swot Analysis prepare analysis is an important tool for auditing the overall strategic position of a business and its environment. Once rouge strategic issues have been identified, they feed into business objectives, particularly marketing objectives. beat analysis can be used in conjunction with other tools for audit and analysis, such as PEST analysis and Porters Five-Forces analysis.SWOT ANALYSIS OF MARKS AND SPENCERSStrengthsMarks and Spencer is a powerful brand. It has a reputation for value for money, convenience and a wide range of products all in one store. M S has grown substantially over re centime years, and has experienced global enlargement. The company has a core competence involving its use of information technology to support its international logistics system. For example, it can see how individual products are performing country-wide, store-by-store at a glance. IT also suppo rts M S efficient procurement. A focused strategy is in place for human resource management and development. People are pick out to M S business and it invests time and money in training people, and retaining a developing them.WeaknessesM S is the Worlds largest retailer and control of its empire, despite its IT advantages, could leave it puny in some areas due to the huge span of control. Since M S sell products across many sectors (such as clothing, food, or stationary), it may not have the flexibility of some of its more focused competitors. The company is global, but has a presence in relatively few countries Worldwide.OpportunitiesTo take over, merge with, or form strategic alliances with other global retailers, focusing on specific markets such as Europe or the Greater China Region. The stores are currently only trade in a relatively small number of countries. Therefore there are tremendous opportunities for future business in expanding consumer markets, such as China an d India. New locations and store types offer M S opportunities to exploit market development. They diversified from large super centers, to local and mall-based sites. Opportunities exist for M S to continue with its current strategy of large, super centers.Threats world number one means that you are the target of competition, locally and globally. Being a global retailer means that you are exposed to political problems in the countries that you operate in. The cost of producing many consumer products tends to have go because of lower manufacturing costs. Manufacturing cost has fallen due to outsourcing to low-cost regions of the World. This has lead to price competition, resulting in price deflation in some ranges. Intense price competition is a threat.Stakeholders ExpectationStakeholders Expectation are those without which our strategic analysis will remain incomplete is about the expectation of stake holders. Stakeholders are those individuals or groups who depend on the org anisation to fulfil their own goals and on whom the organisation depends. Share holders expectation includes, Corporate governance chain, ball requirements and boundaries within which strategy is developed, Organisational stakeholders, Other groups (internal and external) which have expectations and potential influence The expectation of the stake holders of M S conflicts between, Short-term profitability versus growth, Family control versus professional managers, Financial independence versus piece/loan funding, Public deal out ownership demands openness and accountability, Cost efficiency may mean job losses, Mass markets may via media quality, Mass public service provision versus specialist servicesGeneric models for strategic plan correspond to Porter, Marks and Spencer is followed by a strategic generic model and the main categories areCost leadersDiffferenciationFocusMarks and Spencer is a fascinating case of a company that has lost its strategic focus. Its narrative ill ustrates how even the strongest of businesses cannot afford to take their eyes off the competition.MS lost its way as the UKs direct retailer in the late nineties. Its profits, which had peaked at over 1bn pounds sterling. fell by hall as consumers rejected its clothing. In response to competitive pressure from new and existing players, MS made major changes to its strategy in 1998-2000. These included decisions to more away from its St. Michael brandand to accept credit cards.By 2004 the company was lacing a huge number of issues, including problems with service standards, dated store formats and the alienation of its traditional customer base. MSs stock was falling sharply. The share price, which had been as high as 650p in 1997, had declined to 270p.By this time, Rose had unveil his recovery strategy selling MS Money buying the Per Una brand refunding around 2.5bn pounds sterling to shareholders closing the new Lifestores concept and some Simply Food stores improving products an d services and broadening MSs appeal and customer base. leafy vegetable stated that his offer was final, which meant he would not increase it again for six months unless another bidder appeared. The shareholders decided to back Rose. Green withdrew his offer and the share price fell back to 340p, which was 60p (or a total of 1.3bn pounds sterling) less than putting green final offer.He faced following challenges while doing this right.Increase sales and market share without losing margins. (Rose has been modestabout this, putting the emphasis on cost savings.)Cut costs without undermining quality or service. In 2004 MS planned around 300m pounds sterling of cost savings, but clearly a proportion of these in 2005-06 would be needed to cut prices to competitive levels.The recent history of MS highlights the need to manage shareholder value and deliver quickly, especially during turnarounds. In this situation, Rose might find the strategic option power system attendful.This grid has been used by number of major companies, including Tesco and Diageo, to develop strategies. The options for MS includeIncrementalstrategyThis would not really improve MSs long-term competitive advantage and it would be a high-risk approach, because the business would become even more exposed.Float off foodThis would make shareholders better off, since the business is probablyundervalued. It would not be inherently hard to do this.Close more storesThis would focus the company on its key outlets, but it might damage the brand and decrease customer loyalty in the process.Rationalisethe productFor example gunpoint selling mens shoes. This would declutter the business and provide an opportunity for growth.Increase franchise spaceThis would appropriate in other products, which would create more interest.Strategy of Marks and Spencer to Improve PerformanceMarks Spencer plans to communicate 200 million over the next five years on going green strategy as the battle to become the most env ironmentally friendly retailer steps up.The high street giant, which launches its strategy with an advertising campaign in March, has set some challenging targets, including a pledge to stop sending all waste to landfill and to reduce CO2 emissions by 80 per cent.However, the aspirations will be most scrutinised by non-governmental organisations, which will want to see if MS will be able to maintain its loading to them in future years as the deadline to meet its targets near. Stuart Rose, the chief executive, verbalize that he hoped that the cost of the political platform would be offset by increased sales.Last year the retailer launched a Behind the mark off campaign, which highlighted Marks Spencers environmental and ethical business practices and was one of the retailers most successful advertising schemes.Mr Rose said We think this is the right thing to do because our customers, employees and, increasingly, shareholders are asking us to. We believe those people will embra ce a responsible business.MS has worked on the project for six months, taking advice from Jonathon Porritt, the former handler of Friends of the Earth, who said This plan raises the bar for everyone else not just retailers but businesses in every sector.MSs detailed 100-point plan covers climate change, waste, raw materials, fair trade and healthy living.Elements also include reducing the amount of food imported and labelling those goods flown in, opening a model green factory and four stores and using 50 per cent bio-diesel in its lorry fleet.The retailer also wants to reduce packaging by 25 per cent and to use recycled plastic bottles to make polyester for use in clothing and home furnishings.Rosemary Byrde, global Fairtrade policy advisor at Oxfam, said Marks Spencer is to be applauded for leading the way. We look forward to seeing the difference this will make and to other major retailers following suit in the near future.Robert Napier, chief executive of WWF-UK, the saving organisation, said Such bold aspirations as outlined by Marks Spencer can only help to drive other supermarkets and the retail sector towards supplying products in a way that protects our planet and sustains the natural resources we depend upon.The first change that MS shoppers will notice is a range of fair trade cotton T-shirts. About 20 million garments will be produced over the next 12 months, method of accounting for about a third of the worlds supply of fair trade cotton.Retailers fought to seize the green agenda passim last year as environmental and fair trade issues had become increasingly important to shoppers and regulators.Marks and Spencers Mission, Vision, Values and ObjectivesMarks and Spencers merged objectives are incorporated in its mission statement. This outlines what the business is and what it should be. Mission statements set out in writing what the firm wants to achieve and often include information on the set of the business. MS outlines its core busines s as clothing and Food. Its financial objectives is to deliver shareholder value in terms of increase returns, but also in terms of increase sales and market share in retailing. It beliefs and values are outlined as Our customers continue to see Marks Spencer as the place to shop for special food, produced to exacting standards. MS also sees its workforce as an important part of its plan and also considers modernising its stores as a key corporate objective.Vision The standard against which all others are thriftyMission Making aspirational quality accessible to allValues Quality, value, service, innovation and trustMS also outlines its corporate social responsibility in its mission statement and considers the needs of other stakeholders too.We have a strong tradition of corporate social responsibility (CSR) but we want to make sure CSR is merged into our operations at every levelFinally, MS also outlines its strategic intent (vision) in its corporate objectives. MS wants to conti nue its differentiation strategy by delivering freshness, quality and innovation.Strategic ImplementationThis process involves dispersal of resources (financial, personnel, time, and technology support). The next step involves assigning tasks or responsibilities to specific individuals or groups to make the environment livid and it needs to disseminated into the company effectively and efficiently, monitoring the progress and results. Careful judgment of the process, controlling for variances and making the required adjustments form vital components of this process.Strategy EvaluationAs the term suggests, this process includes evaluation of the efficacy of the organizational strategy implemented.Therefore, successful strategic management moldiness include clearly defined objectives, careful assessment of both the internal and external situation to formulate the strategy, implementing the strategy and making the required adjustments as and when required.The company must possess a clear vision of its long term plans or a clear business vision. This also includes assessing the financial and strategic objectives. Financial objectives involve measures such as sales targets and compensation growth. Strategic objectives are related to the firms business position, and may include measures such as market share and reputation. (quickmba, 2007). The Environmental scan includes the following elements Internal analysis of the firm, Analysis of the firms industry (task environment) and External macro environment (PESTanalysis).After deriving and inferring the information from the environmental scan the company should be able to carefully fall upon and address its weaknesses and external threats and evaluate its strengths. A competitive edge in the market in the market can be based on cost or differentiation.The stage of implementation essentially involves scattering and organization of the companys resources and staff motivation to achieve the set objectives or goals . Evaluation and control includes monitoring the strategy and fine-tuning it as required.CONCLUSIONAfter mid 1990s MS began to experience internal problems such as information flow breakdown and together with the fact that top management was concerned with international expansion MS was drifted away from its core values such as consumer care and customer satisfaction. MS failed to have intercourse that consumers were becoming wiser and its competitions much stronger. Most of consumers consider MS to be old fashioned company, this image has to be changed to be in line with the market demand and regain its lost customers to other competitors. Based on the analyses, the author feels that MS requires to be focus on its strategic plan therefore, in formulate a strategy envirmental analysis is required, which will be analysed through pestle, the current situation of Marks and Spencer is also captured then a strategic plan is constructed to overcome the barriers, then it is implemented an d evaluated to ensure long-term success.Business must try and use as many tools as possible in order to come out with the best strategy for the organisation. However, firms must try and evade the limitations of these tools so as to formulate the best strategy.

Cockle Isolates of Vibrio Vulnificus | Research Experiment

knit Isolates of vibrio Vulnificus Research ExperimentIsolation and identification characterization among buckle isolates of vibrio vulnificus isolated from Selangor, Malaysia coastal beaMohammed M. Kurdi Al-Dulaimi, Sahilah Abd. Mutalib and Maaruf Abd.GhaniKey words vibrio vulnificus, waves, isolation, characterization, Malaysia.ABSTRACT vibrio vulnificus infections is worldwide public wellness problems associated with illnesses resulting from consumption of raw or partially cooked seafood worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and identification of V. vulnificus in cockle sedate from local wet (2) and supermarkets (2) from Selangor, Malaysia from July 2013 to February 2014. A total of 78 (n=78) cockle samples were examined for the presence of V. vulnificus and collected from four local supermarkets sites of Selangor hypermarkets, V. vulnificus was present in at about 32% (25/78) of the 78 seafood cockle samples were controlling to this bacterium . Colonies morphological observation and biochemical characterization for those isolates showed 60% (15/78) of isolates were classify as biotype 1 and 40% (10/78) go bad to biotype 2.INTRODUCTIONVibrio vulnificus is a motile, asporgenic, halophilic gram-negative bacterium that found worldwide in estuarine and coastal warm water supplys that frequently contaminates seafood like oysters , cockles , shrimps and other seafood (Horseman and Surani, 2011) infections of V. vulnificus are reported in many diverse countries ,USA, Europe, Korea, Taiwan , Malaysia and Saudi Arabia(Tamplin et al. 1982 Chuang et al.1992 Dalsgaard et al. 1999 Hlady and Klontz 1996 Elhadi et al.,2004 Elhadi 2012 Paydar and Thong 2013).Three major syndromes of clinical illness ca characterd by pathogenic vibrion blood poisoning, gastroenteritis and wound infections. The majority of these infections is foodborne and associated with consumption of raw or undercooked variety of seafood, including shrimp, fish, oy sters and clams (Bisharat et al., 1999). Probability of septicemia and necrotizing fasciitis increased in the patients with liver cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus that reduce host resistance to bacterial infections owing to the immunocom-promised billet (Ito et al., 2012).V. vulnificus is a bacterial species that is virulent for humans and fish ,In terms of virulence, it has been classified based on phe nonypic and serological characteristics(Biosca et al.,1997 Tison et al., 1982), therefore V.vulnificus isolates classified into three biotypes, biotypes 1 and 3 are classified as a human isolates and biotype 2 is classified fish and eel isolates , The virulence mechanism of biotype 2 V. vulnificus covers in eels remains unclear, although approximately virulence factors nonplus been proposed. The extracellular products of biotype 2 strains exhibit hydrolytic/toxic activities and lethality for the eel similar to those aimd by the biotype 1 strain (Biosca and Amaro 1996). However, a few human infections caused by biotype 2 isolates have been reported worldwide. This study aims to isolateion and identifiy characterization of the V. vulnificus among cockle from Selangor, Malaysia.MATERIALS AND METHODSSamples collection and preparingFor this In the present study, cockle samples (n=78) were purchased from wet markets (2) and hypermarkets (2) in Selangor-Malaysia from July 2013 to February 2014 .The cockles were washed in distilled water and rub free of dirt and shucked with a sterile scalpel and cut to small pieces with sterile scissor, 25 g of muscle and intravalvar fluid were collected homogenized into sterile stomacher bags containing 225 ml of Akaline Salt Peptone Water (ASPW) (Oxoid, England) with 3% (w/v) NaCl. Samples were homogenized with victimisation stomacher (Stomacher Lab-Blender 400) for 2 minutes. enriched in alkaline peptone salt water and The solution was diluted and then spread onto ______(what ordinary) medium and incubated for 18-24 hours at 37C.Isolation and morphological characterization altogether samples were analyzed for potentially pathogenic Vibrios. altogether samples enriched in APWDS1 and transferred a loop full of enrichment broth on to Thiosulphate citrate crust salt sucrose agar (TCBS)(Difco Laboratories, USA) and CHROMagar Vibrio (CV)(CHROMagar, France) and incubated for 24 h at 37C. After incubation colonies suspected to be V. vulnficus were picked up from the TCBSDS2 agar and CV plates and cultured on Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) to obtain pure colonies.DS3 (Elhadi 2012).V. vulnificus produce dark- squirt colonies on TCBS and blue green (Turquoise) on Chromagar Vibrio, these colonies were picked up to nutrient agar slant and stored at 4C for morphological and biochemical identification.biochemical characterizationThe isolates were set at the species level with the use of biochemical tests that may differentiated among closer species of vibrio that gave similar morphological characteristics on selectiv e media, in this study we use some biochemical tests that distinguish among V. vulnificus and other vibrio species such as V. parahemolyticus. DS4Indole deedThe ability of bacteria to splitting of tryptophan to indole tested , test tubes contain 9 ml of tryptone water inoculated with loop full of V. vulnificus culture and incubated for 24- 48 h at 37C, adding 1 ml of Kovacs indicator(P-dimethyl amnobenzaldehyde in amyl) , despotic reaction immediately forming red color ring in the broth. DS5Oxidase testDS6bacterial colonies were transferred with a sterile glass rod to filter paper moistened with oxidase reagent. Appearance of a dark empurpled color within few seconds was considered a positive reaction.Tolerance to NaClDS7Tolerance to NaCl was determined by the access of NaCl to 1 % peptone broth with percentage of 0, 3, 6 and 10 % (w/v) DS8and cultures were examined for conjure upth after 2 days at 37oC.RESULTSIsolation of V. vulnificus DS9A total of 78 cockle samples were obta ined from four different location of kajang.30, 28, 10 and 10 cockle samples were collected from pasar kajang, gaint bangi , gaint kajang and pasar bangi respectively, from August 2013 until January 2014, 11 sample (36%) of pasar Kajang was positive, 9 samples (32%) of Gaint Bangi was positive, 3 samples (30%) of Gaint Kajang was positive and 2 (20%) of Pasar Bangi was positive for V. vulnificus (table 1), The highest numbers of V. vulnificus were isolated from pasar kajang and gaint bangi , the lowest numbers of V. vunlificus were isolated from gaint kajang (Fig.1).DS10Table 1 percentageDS11 of presence of V. vulnificus in cockle samples.Figure 1 percentage of positive samples.Morphological and biochemical identificationV. vulnificus in this study were set as biotype I because all the isolates were positive for indole production. CHROMagar Vibrio (CHROMagar Paris,France) was used in this study in juncture with TCBS agar because of its ability to isolate and identifyV. vulnificus compared to the TCBS agar. CHROMagar Vibrio uses chromogenic technology to allow for the isolation and detection of V. vulnificus resulting in festering dark blue colonies which can be distinguished from other Vibrio species as shown in Fig. 2. V. vulnificus were isolated from 25 of the 78 samples analyzed, and were identified with picked up single colonies on selective media for morphological identification, V.vulnificus isolates appeared as green colonies on TCBS medium and appeared as blue green colonies on Chromagar Vibrio medium Fig 2, green color on TCBS refer to inability of this bacteria to produce acids from sucrose, colonies on ChromagarTM Vibrio medium are accurately (99%) detect V. vulnificus isolates and differentiate it from other vibrio species.Fig 2 V vulnificus isolates on TCBS (A) and Chromagar Vibrio (B).Biochemical characterizationDistinguish between the different vibrios on the basis of closure morphology not always possible, the identification of Vibrio spp. is problematic because of phenotypic similarity of some species, there for we should be do biochemical tests to confirm the results obtained from morphological identification. V. vulnificus is divided into three biotypes according to their different biochemical and biological properties (Linkous and Oliver 1999).Twenty-five strains identified as V. vulnificus were submitted to biochemical tests. All isolates used in this study were positive for oxidase test (100%), all isolates grow on solid selective media (TCBS and CV agar). Salt tolerance show that 100% of isolates grow in 3% NaCl whiles no growth in 0 % of NaCl (table 2) because this bacterium is halophilic and it is abundantly present in estuarine ecosystems throughout the world.Table 2 biochemical tests of V. vulnificus isolates.DISCUSSIONIsolation and morphological identification of V. vulnificusThe main verifiable of this study was to detect the incidence of pathogenic V. vulnificus in cockle samples collected from five sit es in Malaysia, 25 of 78 cockle samples were positive for V. vulnificus (table 1), high percentage of cockles positive for V. vulnificus attributed to filter-feeding mollusks such as oysters, clams and mussels have high concentrations of the bacteria in their guts and other tissues (Strom and Paranjpye 2000). A chromogenic medium used for differentiation of V. vulnificus which contains bile salts and high NaCl and pH. This medium selects mainly three vibrio species (V. vulnificus, V. cholera and V. parahemolyticus) easily to differentiate among these species depend upon colony color whereas V. vulnificus isolates gave distinctive blue green color, various biochemical tests were used for more identification (Elhadi 2012).Biochemical identificationOn the basis of differences in biochemical property V. vulnificus includes two biotypes (Tison et al. 1982). In this study, V. vulnificus biotype 1 and 2 were isolated. Isolates from human infections and environmental sources were described as indole positive and belong to biotype 1, whereas strains recovered from diseased eels were indole-negative and classified as biotype 2. (Amaro et al., 1992 Biosca et al., 1996 Radu et al., 1998).Ability to produce indole from trypton show 60% of isolates positive classified as biotype 1, and 40% was negative to indole production classified as biotype 2 (table 2), that indole production was the single biochemical trait which distinguished biotype 1 and biotype 2 (Tison et al. 1982). All isolates in this study were positive for oxidase, majority of V. vulnificus have cytochrome c oxidase enzyme, V. vulnificus is a halophilic marine bacterium unbigoted for NaCl from 1% to 10% whereas most of V. vulnificus isolates tolerant up to 6% NaCl (table 2) but no growth in 10% NaCl and 0% of NaCl (Dalsgaard et al., 1999 Elhadi, 2012). V. vulnificus grow in wide range of temperature from 13C to 40C, optimum temperature for isolates in this study was 37C that is an optimal temperature for path ogenic bacteria.REFERENCESHorseman, M.A. and Surani, S. (2011). A comprehensive review of Vibrio vulnificus an important cause of severe sepsis and skin and soft-tissue infection. Int. J. of Infect. Dis., 15(3)157-166.Bisharat, N., Agmon, V., Finkelstein, R., Raz, R., Ben-Dror, G., Lerner, L., et al.(1999) .Clinical, epidemiological, and microbiological features of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 3causing outbreaks of wound infection and bacteraemia in Israel. The Lancet 354(9188)14211424.Biosca EG, Amaro C, Larsen JL, Pedersen K (1997) Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Vibrio vulnificus proposal for the substitution of the subspecific taxon biotype for serovar. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 14601466.Tison, D.L., Nishibuchi, M., Greenwood, J.D., Seidler, R.J.(1982). Vibrio vulnificus biogroup2 new biogroup pathogenic for eels. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 44,640646.Biosca, E. G., and Amaro C.(1996).Toxic and enzymatic activities of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 with respect to host specificity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 6223312337.Paydar M, Thong K.L.(2013). Prevalence and genetic characterization of Vibrio vulnificus in raw seafood and seawater in Malaysia. J Food Prot.76(10)1797-1800.Linkous D.A. and Oliver J.D.( 1999). Pathogenesis of Vibrio vulnificus, FEMS Microbiol. Letters. 174 207-214.Hlady WG , Klontz KC(1996). The Epidemiology of Vibrio Infections in Florida, 1981-1993, J. of Infec. Dis. 173(5)1176-1183.Elhadi N, Radu S, Chen CH, Nishibuchi M.(2004) Prevalence of potentially pathogenic Vibrio species in the seafood marketed in Malaysia. Journal of Food Protection 67(7) 1469-75.Chuang, Y.C., Yuan, C.Y., Liu, C.Y., Lan, C.K. Huang, A.H. (1992). Vibrio vulnificus infection in Taiwan report of 28 cases and review of clinical manifestations and treatment. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 15 271276.Elhadi, N. (2012). Antibiotic Resistance and Plasmid Profiling of clinically Significant Vibrio vulnificus Isolated from Coastal Water in Eastern Provinc e of Saudi Arabia. British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 3(2) 93-97.Radu, S., Elhadi, N. Hassan, Z. Rusul, G. Lihan,S. Fifadara, N. Yuherman and E. Purwati, 1998.Characterization of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from cockles (Anadara granosa) Antimicrobial resistance,plasmid profiles and random amplification of polymorphic DNA analysis. FEMS. Microbiol.Lett.,165 139-143.Ito, H., Shibayama A., Abe M., Antoku S., Nawata H., Isonishi M., Fujita M., Kato S. (2012). Vibrio vulnificus septicemia and necrotizing fasciitis in the patients with liver cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus. J. of Diabetes Mellitus 2(1)122-125.Dalsgaard, I., Hi, L., Siebeling, R. J. Dalsgaard, A. (1999). Indole-positive Vibrio vulnificus isolated from disease outbreaks on a Danish eel-farm. Dis Aquat Organ 35, 187194.Amaro, C., Biosca, E. G., Esteve, C., Fouz, B. Toranzo, A. E. (1992). Comparative study of phenotypic and virulence properties in V. vulnificus biotype 1 and 2 obtained from a European eel farm e xperiencing mortalities. Dis Aquat Organ 13, 2935.Tamplin M, Rodrick G.E., Blake N.J., Cuba T.(1982). Isolation and characterization of Vibrio vulnificus from two Florida estuaries. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 4414661470.DS1Write in ful, and short capital letter with bracket after thatDS2Write in fullDS3Shouldnt has dot enjoyDS4Omit this partDS5Not clear please clarifyDS6removeDS7removeDS8 please addDS9removeDS10make sure the valu tele with your abstractDS11Shouldn write in bold, please write properly and precise. Too simple is not describsableDS12write in fullDS13remove this column

I Love Lucy: The Popular TV Show

I Love Lucy The habitual TV ShowThe baby blue, mascara spiked eyes widens, the head tilts, the electric orange curls bob, and the wide, lipsticked mouth takes other teaspoon full of Vitameatavegamin syrup. The ever popular TV show, I Love Lucy, is back on the line of credit with a new season of drama packed episodes. Ready to record the commercial that will resist her into show business, Lucy Ricardo downs the nutritional syrup, unaware that the product contains twenty-four percent alcohol. As she advertises the virtues of the product, her awareness slowly drifts away, and her human face slips into a stupefied straight stare. The innocent, child-like Lucy is thoroughly drunk and very funny. One of the most be do itd housewives in media history manages to make a complete fool of herself once again and successfully enrages her husband.Lucille B exclusively told was a comedienne, film, television, and radio actress, and the star of I Love Lucy. In 1951, the first episode of I Lov e Lucy, Lucy Thinks Ricky is attempt to Do Away with Her aired on mankind television it became an instant favorite for viewing audience most the nation. What Lucille globe achieved, however, had much more lasting impact. On top of being the first woman in television to be head of a production company, Lucille en became a pioneer that brought about the well-fixed Age of Television. Due to the success of I Love Lucy, Lucille B tout ensemble managed to establish television as a viable sensitive of entertainment in an era where media is dominated by filming industries before I Love Lucy came about, television was mostly used as a means of keeping in touch. not only did thud change the face of television, she paved the path for future female actresses. Lucille Balls unique sense impression of humor, acquired through her own experiences, shaped the in advance(p) world of entertainment and left an irreplaceable mark on society.Unlike her famous situation comedy alter ego Lucy Ri cardo, Lucille Ball was not at all naive and clumsy. By the time I Love Lucy went on air in 1951, Ball was everyplace forty and had been in show business, playing mostly glamour bureaus, for twenty years. Lucille Ball was born on August 6th, 1911 in Jamestown, New York. She lost her father, who was a mining engineer, at the age of four. Her mother, who was a design pianist, encouraged her into the field of entertainment. At the age of 15, Lucille Ball pursued her dreams of be approach a part of vaudeville in John Murray Anderson Dramatic School. But unfortunately for her, by the time she hit New York urban center the era of vaudeville was over or as Ball said it Vaudeville was dead, entirely I didnt know it Forced to live on doughnuts and c gloweringee, Ball managed to make ends meet as a exemplar and showgirl. Unsatisfied with her current living hyphen, Ball managed to pull some string with an old friend and qualified up with an agent looking for support actresses in comedy routines and plays. Over the course of the next fewer years, Ball worked on many productions such as Room Service with the Marx Brothers. She was willing to work all sorts of parts that other female actresses did not want to take. They knew Id run, Id scream, Id fall Id do what I was asked to do. () Because of her willingness to learn how to act, she arrive parts in The Three Stooges, Laurel and Hardy, and most male comics. Some of the unconventional parts that Ball took caused her to have a much more unconventional sense of humor in her later works. This mark a period of tremendous growth in Balls comedic style and image. She was becoming someone recognizable and large-hearted a personality type.Lucille Balls first major recognized work came in 1947. She was chosen as the fall actress for a radio show called My Favorite Husband, which was sponsored by CBS. Her experiences on My Favorite Husband contributed greatly to Balls style of humor and I Love Lucy. Through the radio s how, Ball learned the basic elements of timing her lines to laughs coming from a live audience. She also developed a combination of slapstick with both sexuality and home(prenominal)ity. () This trammel Ball apart from most previous American women film comedians it was common for women in slapstick to be a support prop, victims of male-initiated comedy, or star grotesques who had neither conventional sexual allure nor the prospect of affectionate normalization through marriage. () Lucille Ball became one of the first female comedians to have connections with the domestic Ball gave off the similar feeling of being a part of the family.In 1940, Lucille Ball fell in love and eloped with touring Cuban band put outer Desi Arnaz. They moved in to chanceher, married, and began a sequence of events that led to I Love Lucy. Because of the couples busy careers, they were frequently separated month at a time. Their marriage slowly fell apart. At that time Lucille Ball was offered by CBS to transfer her radio show My Favorite Husband to television. Ball, seeing this as an opportunity to piece of music up her marriage, brought her husband into the television show as the male lead. Thus I Love Lucy debuted on CBS in October 1951 and became an instant sensation. Eisenhowers presidential inauguration in January 1953 drew twenty-nine million viewers, but when Lucy gave cause to Little Ricky in an episode broadcast the next day forty-four million viewers (72% of all U.S. homes with TV) tuned in to I Love Lucy.I Love Lucy is arguably the TV show that had most ferment on modern television media culture. Television in the 1950s was purely a domestic medium always showing images of marriage and family. The story of I Love Lucy reflected the couples own family life in the funhouse reverberate of a sitcom premise. Lucy, played by Lucille Ball, is a frustrate housewife who longs to escape the confinement of her domestic role and participate in a larger public world, especia lly that of her husband Ricky, the leader of the Tropicana nightclub. Conflicts exclude when Lucys desire to go beyond the roles of a housewife clash with Rickys equally passionate belief of a traditional housewife. This dynamic is established in the very first episode when Lucy disguises herself as a cuckoo and sneaks into Rickys nightclub act. In all the consequent episodes following, Lucy rebels against the restrictions placed on the lives of domestic women, the boring routines of cooking and housework, pickings care of the children, and the financial dependence upon the husband. Each episode centers upon Lucys acts of rebellion taking jobs, performing at clubs, make money-making schemes, or trying to fool Ricky are all in attempts to expose the absurd restrictions placed on women in a male-dominated society. Sadly, because of the era, her attempts are forever thwarted in every episode. By entering the public domain, Lucy inevitably makes a mess of things and is forced to r etreat and return to the status quo of domestic life that is picked up in the next episode. However the contentedness left by Lucy remains in the consciousness of viewers for the times to come. Balls style of comedy played a great role in conveying this pass along to the general audience. As a mere comedian from the perspective of an outsider such a message would probably not get much consideration. However, Balls type of domestic comedy allowed to her to much more than an outsider in fact, the character Lucy is considered by many people as part of the family. Ball was able to get past the emotional barrier that many other comedians could not. Lucille Balls use of quick witted situational ironies combined with her position as an insider allows the much male-dominated audience to slowly accept the idea of women playing a more active role and having more power in society.On top of fighting for women rights, Lucille Balls I Love Lucy reached many milestones that became icy in sha ping modern television. Programs before I Love Lucy were aired live from New York urban center studios to Eastern and Central time zone audiences. It was captured by kinescope for the viewers in the West Coast. kinescope pictures quality was dramatically less than films. However, Ball and Arnaz took advantage of the movie industry filming techniques and captured their series on film. CBS allowed the couple to go through with their idea in exchange for a cut in their salary, Ball and Arnaz gained one hundred percent ownership to the series. The idea of reruns had not been established or tested during her time, but Ball bet on the inevitable growth of television and ended up with huge returns an investiture that quickly turned Ball and Arnaz into the first millionaire television stars.Lucille Ball has certainly left her mark on our society. Not only is she a pioneer in the struggle for equality amongst men and women, she shaped modern television into what we know today. Her title Queen of Comedy is well deemed. Along with her Living Legend cede and Legacy of Laughter Award, Lucille Ball paved the path for future female comedians to take stage. Anyone who has ever seen I Love Lucy will forever remember Balls signature laugh and her clumsiness which often times lead her into silly situations. Lucille Ball will forever be glorified in the hearts of Americans.

Review of Copper Recovery Methods From Metallurgical Waste

Review of fuzz Recoery Methods From Met whollyurgical uncivilisedApurva Patel, Prof. Nimish ShahAbstract sloven is iodin of the most practice sessiond admixtures in recent developments and demand of this ruddy metal is change magnitude with passing of each day. Production of bullshit is 12 million tons per year and cop reserves ar evaluate to run for 25 years with the estimated world grunter reserves of ccc million tons. Recovery of blur color from metallurgic profusion is a bowel movement that is beingness followed from beginning of industrial age and has many developments over a super cartridge clip frame. Out of all the hair use in existing unwrapgrowth, 2 million tons of papal bull is utilized with recycle of grunter uncivilised. India has limited bruiser ore reserve contri b arelying intimately 2 pct of world reserves. We grass p pass away that fuzz color has a large sum total at our reserves exactly excavation is not as simple as it seems. pa pal bull content in the raw mines is ranging from 0.5 to 1 percent. Even after convalescence of blur there is large desert generated at the end of the care for. Copper content in the waste is up to 0.3 percent at the discharge. Ultimately around hundred times of waste is generated for recovery of one factor of slob. That pushes forward the need of recycle pig from metallurgical waste to cater the need of increasing slovenly person demand. Copper recovery from high blur color containing metallurgical wastes the the likes of system industries are generally dealt with s resolve puzzle out. In such case large amount of zilch is utilized to just melt down all the sensible. This process has a limitation of copper content i.e. if copper content is low indeed all the energy is utilized in melting of undesired material. necessary for electroplating of copper has appendd signifi seattly. Low efficiency or improper process handling causes remarkably high copper content in wa ste discharge, which is over the range of discharge criteria of rotund metals. So to control the increasing price of metals and to limit the use of fresh copper, recycling must be done so the recovery from waste also gives the advantage of being in range of the allowable government legislations. Though these hazardous heavy metals in electroplating waste having denseness high teeming to give prejudicious impacts to environment just now convincingly low concentration that is not enough to recover these metals effectively. In this paper, an overview of different modes for copper recovery is illustrated and justified the excerption of different methods over different copper content of various seminal fluids.Keywords Copper parentage, Copper recovery, Electroplating, recycle,I. INTRODUCTIONIncreasing demand of copper gives elevated chances for generating copper waste from different industries. There are thousands number of industries existing which includes employ or processin g of copper. In this paper, review of several most copper containing waste and most optimum copper recovery methods are described. Waste source is targeted which gives better possibilities of copper recovery and ease of feat. Several metallurgical source like bronze scrap, copper converter dross, electroplating waste, and pickling solution is include in the study.II. Different copper source and recovery methodsRecovery from copper slagThere are different verities of slag produced from smelters for non-ferrous production. Major focus is given to copper slag as it has equal to or high(prenominal) copper content compared to raw copper ore. Generation and utilization of copper slag has higher environment impacts compared to steel and iron slag as they contain remarkable quantity of heavy metals with higher solubility. Chemical root of copper slag varies with different origins. Chemical composition is given as per work of Shen Forssberg in table 1.TABLE IChemical composition of cop per slagElements(Percentage)Cu0.6-3.2Fe32.7-37.3SiO232.5-37.3Al2O32.4-4.0CaO1.8-7.5MgO1.6-4.0S0.5-1.0There are specific three methods to recover copper from copper slag Floatation, take away and RoastingFloatation Barnes has given industrial flotation process at upgrade Isa Mines Limited to recover copper from copper slag. Grinding operating theatre is applied until obtain the granular coat of 80%- 74 m before floatation. Floatation is also possible for magnetite generate in the raw copper slag, so hydroxy ethyl cellulose is employ in the process as a depressant of magnetite impurities. MIBC is used in the process as froather agent and sodium sec-butyl xanthate is used as a collector of copper from the waste. The result of this process gives concentrate grade copper with high percentage as 42.54%. Overall yield of such process is 82%. This prove is notice for copper slag containing 3.7% copper. In this experiment most of Co is observed with floatation tail.Mainly, copper s lag floatation is somewhat similar with sulfide ore floatation because of the fact that only all-metal copper and sulfide minerals from the copper slag cigarette only be effectively floated. In former(a) slag copper is usually observed under oxide state and Co and Ni are also in oxide state because of its homogeneous distribution in the slag. So the stated method will not be utilized effectively with Co, Ni and oxide copper state. Therefore the span for the floatation process is reduced in sizing as less quantity of Co, Ni must be indue in the slag or copper must not be in the cause of oxide.Leaching Basire and Anand described leaching thoroughly about its use and study over some leachants mainly hydrochloric window glass, ferric chloride, ammonia, and sulphuric acid. In the initial era cyanide was also used but it was terminated because of its harmful effects to environment. Leaching is positively influenced by summation of water system2, or leaching with Cl2/Cl system, or p ressure leaching. throw 1 shows effect of H2O2 on leaching of copper pedestald on the experiments of origin metal recovery.Figure 1. Kinetics of copper recoveryGraph demonstrate metal recovery with highly oxidising agent like H2SO4 for copper slag. investigate is carried out with 10% solid in solution and particle size less than 100 m. Experiment is carried out at 70 oC and pH maintained at 2.5 with applied H2O2 at 35 L/(h.t) public press leaching has broadly described by Anand, shows that with pressure leaching and use of dilute H2SO4 recovery of copper about 90% obtaind from copper converter slag from the initial concentration of 4.03% Cu.Roasting Roasting is actually one intermediate step which involves the process for converting the copper in desired form that potty be easily separated from the raw material. After masking of roasting, Leaching or floatation must be used to achieve desired separation. If we narrow down the process criteria then we can say a lot more speci fic term as sulfate roasting instead of roasting. In this process conversion of cupper cobalt ant nickel note is taking place and transformed into more feasible soluble sulfates. Raw material is tasteful at 200-600 oC by extension of sulfide or sulfate agents. Then these soluble sulfates are turn in water and easily separated from slag. Some of the agents used in the process are, (NH3)SO4, H2SO4, H2S, pyrite etc. Sulfurization reactions are summarized as bellow.Cu2O + H2S Cu2S + H2O (1)2Cu + H2S + O2 Cu2S + H2O (2)Sulfides of copper are then easily converted to soluble copper sulfate with roasting at 600oC. Ziyadanogullari used this method to treat copper slag containing 2.4% copper. By sulfurization in closed system with 140oC for 1 minute of arc and then thawing and roasting with 600oC for 360 minutes gives better result for recovery of copper up to 99.2%.Copper recovery from bronze scrap tan is the mixture of copper, head for the hills and tin. Vast numbers of studies a re going on as well as succeeded for recovering copper from brass scrap. Ludovicus produced shameful copper by reducing scrap at 1300oC after melting at 1180oC. After recovery of black copper oxygen turgidness is supplied in ample amount with a view to oxidize all metal impurities and obtained anode grade copper. Morsi and Rabah have studied different parameters for recovery of copper by melting the bronze scrap. They obtained bronze scrap which comprise of chips, turnings and pieces ranging from 1-5 mm in size from El-Maady Co. for Engineering Industries, Cairo, Egypt. Experimental work uses a computerized heating mechanism with silicon carbide-heated muffle furnace. With operating temperature of 1600oC slag generated contains tin and lead that is continually skimmed off with a view to eliminate the casualty of joining the slag to molten copper. Slag generated from the process also has subaltern copper content which is recovered by acid leaching to increase overall yield.Exper iment is carried out by Morasi and Rabah at different temperatures and copper content with overall yield is measured at 15 and 30 minutes.Figure 2 Effect of temperature on obtained copper alloyFigure 2 enlightens the behavior of copper residue and composition of the same. Experiment is carried out at 1150oC, 1200oC, 1250oC and 1300oC and at time interval of 15 and 30 minutes. As we can see with increasing time recovery is increased but behavior of recovery is same. Overall yield is decreased with increasing time because more amount of metal is being dragged with slag formation. Removal of lead and tin from slag is favored by addition of copper sulfide with provision of air which convert impurities into sulfides and pushes forward the percentage amount of impurities into slag and increased recovery of copper in residue. Addition of 10-20 percent copper sulfide reduces up to 10 percent lead and 8 percent tin in copper residue. Recovery of copper is 96.2% with combination of acid leach ing from the generated slag.Recovery of copper from pickling solution.Like every common metal, brass also has a tendency to corrode. Corrosion of brass takes place by sink ining the outer surface to air. Corrosion of brass looks like black surface on the outer surface and it is called tarnish. This coating in non beneficial in any condition so it must be aloof. Removal of wearing away includes dipping brass metal in dilute sulphuric acid solution, which is used for a long time before it finds its way to discharge. This utilization over a long period of time enriches the dilute solution with priceless metals such as copper, zinc, chromium etc. This heavy metal enriched lowly acid solution is called waste pickle solution. Because of its environmental hazards it cannot be wedded off without removing toxicity. Recovery of copper is a coincidence that will depict disposal waste under legislative limits and will try frugal benefit by recovering valuable metals.Pickling solution has a base of mild sulfuric acid and has the highest percentage around 45.1 g/L of H2SO4 in the same. It has around 25 g/L Zn and 35 g/L Cu(II), and other negligible impurities like chromium, iron and nickel. branch using equal volume of TEHA (tri (2-ethylhexyl) amine) extractor acid is being removed with formation of immiscible layer over organic layer and can be easily removed from the mixture. Copper and zinc may be present in the sulfate form as no part of any metal is observed in the extracted acid and TEHA has less kinship towards sulfates of copper and zinc. This acid free pickle liquor is used with other extractors like Versatic 10 acid and Cyanex 272bis-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)-phosphinic acid for recovery of copper and zinc. Kerosene is used as diluents in the solvent extraction. pH of Versatic 10 acid and Cyanex 272 is having higher influence on extraction. Increasing Ph resulting in increment of metal extraction and at 5 pH and 30% Versatic acid concentration all the co pper is extracted. Whereas, zinc extraction is observed above pH 5 and is completely extracted in organic phase at pH 7.0.III. Copper recovery with electroplatingWith a specific type of waste that has copper in discriminated pure form this technique can be used. A new idea is generated for separation of copper from waste like alloy waste brass industries waste, electrical waste etc. armoured combat vehicle is filled with electrolyte like zonax, copper sulfate etc. The idea is to provide continuous separation from raw material and to facilitate collection of well-nigh 100 percent pure copper. New type of vessel unavoidably to be developed which has stainless steel base that can be acting like cathode and a receiver anode needs to be in center of tank. Outside walls must be made up of insulating material or at-least needs to have insulation over the wall to isolate human contact by accident during the process.Figure 3 electroplating for copper recoveryFigure is showing the possible assembly of electroplating mechanism for fishing tackle continuous copper recovery. Copper in the raw material comes with contact of electric field applied across the length of the assembly. Copper in the electrolytic solution first separated and settled on anode. By this, copper-ion deficiency is generated in the solution. To mitigate the deficiency, copper from the raw material comes in to electrolytic solution and completes the chain reaction.Pure copper sulfate and zonax solutions are not conductors of electricity. For ease of operation pure water needs to be added to convert ions from the solution. Because of water addition now electrolytic solution has H+ ions and by getting enough electricity they will convert into hydrogen gas and applied electricity cannot be used businesslikely. This apparatus can be operated within range of 2-12V. Above this range H2 will come in to consume additional energy. Higher the applied amperes better the rate of testimony of copper from the raw material. Rate of deposition can be cypher by equation given by Michal faraday, i.e. W=(I.T.A)/(Z.F) where, W is the lean of copper deposited, I is the amount of current applied (amp), T is the amount of time for which current supplied, A is the atomic weight of substance, Z is nothingness and F is faraday constant 96,500 coulombs.For selection of electrolyte free electrons play vital role. ecumenical electrolyte as copper sulfate has higher efficiency for electroplating then zonax, but zonax is mono-valance electrolyte and less electricity is utilized for almost double copper extraction compared to copper sulfate.IV. ConclusionFor economic recovery of copper from various source first type of source and form in which copper is present must be determined. Floatation is not the most accurate and efficient method for separation of copper but it is widely used for uncomplicated separation of copper and for concentrating the raw copper for other applicable process like smeltin g. Leaching of copper is the most widely used and efficient copper removal process but it must be followed by electroplating of iron addition process to obtain pure copper. Some parameters like pH and temperature of leachant must be observed and needs to be carefully maintained. Roasting is also a two step process in which copper is converted to more feasible sulfate form and can be easily extracted by leaching. Bronze scrap has more copper content in the structure and needs to be carefully processed to obtain large number of copper content recovery up to 96% and other recovery by leaching from slag generated can increase the overall yield. Another phenomenon has been studied for pickling solution which has serious taint problem at the disposal and economic problem at preaching. For treatment acid must be removed in the pretreatment and then copper along with valuable metals can be efficiently recovered with Versatic 10 acid. In the end new method has been observed for semi conti nuous operation for copper recovery using specific electrolyte and modified operation tank.ReferencesAmit kapur, 2006 The future of the red metal scenario analysis, futures, 37, 1067-1094.Archana Agrawal, K.K. Sahu, Problems, prospects and current trends of copper recycling in India An overview, Resourse, conservation and recycling, 54,401-416.Huiting Shen, E. Forssberg. 2002. An overview of recovery of metals from slags. Waste Management 23 (2003) 933949.Lumsdaine, J.,Barnes, C.D., S.M. , OHare, 1993. Copper converter slag treatment at Mount Isa Mines Limited, Mount Isa, Qld. AusIMM Proceedings 298 (1), 31.Basir, S.M.A., Rabah, M.A., 1999. Hydrometallurgical recovery of metal values from brass melting slag., Hydrometallurgy 53 (1), 31-44.Anand, S., Rao, P., Kanta, X., Jena, P.K., 1980. Recovery of metal values from copper converter and smelter slags by ferric chloride leaching.. Hydrometallurgy 5, (4) , 355365.Morsi M. B., Rabah ,M. A., 2004, Recovery of copper from bronze scrap. , Acta Metallurgica Slovaca, 10 , 4 327 338.Gock, E., Kongolo, K., Banza, A.N., 2001. move for the recycling of base metals from copper smelter slag. German Patent, DE 199 46 326 A 1, 2001-03-29.Ahmed, I.B., Gbor, P.K., Jia, C.Q., 2000. Behaviour of Co and Ni during aqueous sulphur dioxide leaching of nickel slag. Hydrometallurgy 57, 1322.Andrzej G, Miroslaw U, Ryszard D. Service properties of grinding wheels with copper smelting slag as ring-binder component. Mechnik 199265(5-6)167-/9.Boyrazli, M., Tumen, F. Altundogan, H.S., 2004. A study on the sulfuric acid leaching of copper converter slag in the presence of dichromate. Miner. Eng. 17, 465467.Panda, S.C., Sukla, L.B., Jean, P.K., 1986. Recovery of cobalt, nickel, and copper from converter slag through roasting with ammonium sulphate and sulfuric acid. Hydrometallurgy 16, 153165.Iglesias, N., Carranza, F., Mazuelos, A., Romero, R., Forcat, O., 2009. Ferric leaching of copper slag flotation tailings. Miner. Eng. 22, 107110.Gaba llah I. Allain E., (1994), Recycling of strategic metals from industrial slag by hydro and pyrometallurgical processes, Recycling of Materials in persistence Conf., Strasbourg. 1992, imagination Conserv. Recycl. 10,1-2I. Gaballah, E. Allain, 1992, Recycling of strategic metals from industrial slag by hydro and pyrometallurgical processes,, Resource Conserv. Recycl. 10, 1994, 12.Nenniger, E.H., Barrett, E.C., 1992. Hydrometallurgical treatment of electric arc furnace dusts. US Pat., 5,082,493.Yuanyuan Tang, Siu-Wai Chan,Kaimin Shih, 2014, Copper stabilisation in beneficial use of waterworks sludge and copper-laden electroplating sludge for ceramic materials, waste management, 34,6, 1085-1091Dan Chen, Yi-Zhong, Yu Hua-Jun, Zhu Zhong-Zhe, Liu Yun Feng, Xu Qiang, Liu Guang-Ren Qian, 2008 Ferrite process of electroplating sludge and enrichment of copper by hydrothermal reaction, breakup and purification technology, 62, 2, 297-303Shuhei Miura, Hideo Honma, 2003 Advanced copper electropla ting for application of electronics, surface and coating technology, 169-170, 91-95Hiskey, J.B., Sole, K.C, 1992. resultant role extraction characteristics of thiosubstituted orgnophosphinic acid extractants. Hydrometallurgy, 30, 345-365.Hiskey, J.B., Sole, K.C., 1995. Solvent extraction of copper by Cyanex 272, Cyanex 302 and Cyanex 301. Hydrometallurgy, 37, 129-147.SCHEMCON-20141 scallywag

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Globalisation Economics Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Globalisation Economics striveRedding (1999) defines that globalization as the change magnitude integration between the markets for goods, services and pileus and at the same time the breakdown of borders.Other researcher embed that the process of globalization not only includes opening up of worldly concern trade, maturation of advanced technologies such(prenominal) as communication, internationalisation of financial markets, emergence importance of multi-national corporations (MNCs), population migrations and generally increased mobility of persons, goods, majuscule, data and ideas only if excessively critical problems such as infections, diseases and pollution (Braibant, 2002).Thus, from many point of views, globalization is seen to be the borders between countries, governments, the parsimoniousness and communities, increasing liberalization and openness of markets, especially through the elimination of barriers to trade in goods and serv ices and the development of integrated international financial market. PRUS (2001) simplified the term of globalisation as a process of increasing connectivity, where ideas, capital, goods, services and people are withdrawred across bucolic borders.Labour and employmentPositive touch in time, the process of globalisation substructure bring much theorizes opportunities in host coarse when MNCs move their action operation into rearing countries. match to Rama (2003), channel creation only willing occur in export-processing zones where elephantine amount of work military strengths are needful in order to keep the production running.A good exercise of jobs creation would be Coca-Cola decided to invest in Malaysia with a spic-and-span bottling plant, consist of $301 million investiture. They stated that this investment will fit to pee 600 to 800 jobs at the plant with 8,000 jobs connect with local anaesthetic suppliers (Agence France-Presse, 2010). negative Impac t forest (2000) stated that the government of evolution countries start to compete with each early(a) by deregulate their policy to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) and multi-national corporations (MNCs). Hence with lower the salarys and taxes rates enable the investors to avoid the hazard of losing their capital invested in exploitation country.Research done by The economist (2001) and Woods (2000) and found that when the government of growing countries increasing minimum wage and fatigue safety standards in order to protect local workers rights, this major power could cause MNCs relocate their operation to another developing countries, where that particular countrys labours, who were likely willing to accept low wages by any standards, pretermit of union representative and legal protections such as child labour and other gross labour that abuses by global companies.Technology enchantPositive ImpactTransfers of technology depend on resource purchasable by MNCs with the world power to achieve the level of technology development in order to make them competitively in global market. Usually developing countries unable to do research and development on their own as the technologies that required implementing the emulation strategy are most likely to scratch from other countries through technology transfer (Stewartet al., 2003). Hipkin and Bennett (2003) stated that the extent of developing countries, participation in global economy depend on their ability to respect where the importance of technological transfer give the bouncenot be overemphasized.There are ten modes of technology transfer which has been identified by Peter Buckley (1985, citied in Transnational Corporations and Technology Transfer to Developing Country) but the most schematic form will be whole-owned subsidiaries. This form is also known as FDI where MNCs ordure lower their transaction cost (Cantwell and Dunning, 1994).Hence technology transfer to subsidiary in other country allow developing country to learn the operation of new technology. Sometime subsidiary didnt allow local firms to learn but they somehow find their counselling to obtain the technology such as hiring operator from that particular subsidiary (Mansfield and Romeo, 1980).Negative ImpactHowever globalisation can also bring negative refer to developing country. Certain MNCs transfer their technology to developing country as those technologies might cause health problem to employees as well as local citizens.Good example would be Bhopal calamity ca apply by the States MNCs subsidiary, Union Carbide India Limited that grows pesticides. Sophisticate technology bought into India but the leakages of chemical caused more than 500,000 people suffer from the disaster (Eckerman, 2005).Social jouncePositive regardGlobalisation can bring good and bad effect to developing countries. Developing able to reduce the amount of population that live down the stairs poverty level with the hel p of globalisation as the effect of job creation has been achieved (Lee and Vivarelli, 2006). Local citizens are able to get a job and ensure the survival of their family and improve their living standard.Negative ImpactIn this era of globalisation, social aspect is tightly related to the effect of the waves of globalisation such as living standard, career, families and their communities. In this case, globalisation are claimed that it is a method to organise someones life which consist of assimilation, communication among people, organisation, and the government as well in other part of the world.Hence, it was also called the method that used driven by global trade and investment aided by information technology. Besides, this issue is also directly inter-related with some other issues such as unemployment, disparity and scarcity, and environment as the chain effect of the waves of globalisation (Globalisation 101, 2002).The inter-relationship between the technology and economical is very critical and it succeeded in consisting the move of the theoretical approaches where the centrality of changes in technology have been accepted and the dynamic force of the term innovation in the elements of economical changes (Freeman, 1998 von Tunzelmann, 1995). According to Nussbaum and Sen (1993), investment in technology appears to have an optimistic link to wider philosophy in developing economic interests which include social choices and disembarrassdom capability in longevity and education.Globalisation on impact of the countries economyPositive ImpactAccording to Baghwati (2004) globalisation is playing the significant role of enhancing economic affluence by offering new hope to developing countries. Gangopadhyay and Chatterji (2005) saying that globalisation has been characterised as a reduction in trade barriers such as free go of goods, services and labour from one country to another.Richardson (2000) contends with these views as, the effect of this is increa sing the trade which turn into increased income for developing countries and serves as an opportunity to fortify their economies by taking the advantages of trade. This statement is true and has been proving by (Richardson, 2000 Dierks, 2001) that globalisation has greatly reduced the trade barriers between countries through adjustment of tariffs and import duties.Negative ImpactThe rise in globalisation has increased capital flow into developing countries economies. Foreign Direct Investment injects capital into developing countries in terms of stabilizing the countries economic. This is also a benefit that increased the countries funding through loans and grants from developed countries (Aurifeille, 2006). However, there will be net capital inflow that could lead to negative effects on trade.Chan and Scarritt (2001) noted that the large capital inflows were caused by the appreciation of exchange rates and inflationary pressures that impact on the countrys current account. This m eans that globalisation in improving the countries economy could actually stop the progress of the economy unless the host countries balance of payment focuses on the foreign plant where the export is more than import.The adjustment in trade barriers has lead to the promotion of specialisation to developing countries because they are able to concentrate on the production of commodities which can be produced at the least(prenominal) cost (Aurifeille, 2006). Developing countries fully use the advantage of globalisation to parent their income through trading goods which they can produce most effectively.Such development is giving developing countries an opportunity to obtain goods that prove expensive to produce in their own countries. Corsi (2009) saying that, competition is always an effective way of enhancing innovation to produce better quality goods. Thus, globalisation had enhanced competition as the flow of goods and services between countries has becomes easier.Globalisation impacts on economic and environmentNegative ImpactEconomic and environmental problems show fewer signs of improvement for a large share of the worlds people but when comes to outdoor(a) debt levels, weak export and real income growth, it often enter a mutually destructive relationship with environmental and resource degradation which linked to the husbandry and urban activity. The important connection between economic and environmental problems can be clearly seen in the widespread social and economic impacts towards dominion erosion, deforestation, urban congestion, unmanaged chemical such as heavy metals, air pollutants, satisfying and liquid industrial and residential waste (Long, 1990).According to Huber (1982) and Simonis (1989), ecological modernization was one of the primary modes of sustainable development which comprised both a conjecture and a policy or political programme based on the view that comprehensive political and economic change could be apply to achiev e a less material and energy-intensive economy through the use of integrated and preventive resource and pollution-reduction strategies.This technologically-intensive mode of production would not be a viable option for lower income nations because the intensive technological buns of ecological modernization suggests that its effective operation and flow-on benefits are probably beyond the reach of poorer nations. Indeed, rapid global technological progress has often resulted in the Intensification of uneven development rather than enhanced opportunities for the poor (Freeman, 1987). The post-materialist solution for technologically advanced economies wouldConclusionAlthough globalisation can help developing countries to grow and become developed countries through different kind of benefits enjoyed by them but at the same time globalisation can bring disaster to developing countries, even can bring the whole country turn over in few months times.Research done by scholars indicated that globalisation can be a benefit to developing country but at the same time its also a threat to developing country. However the net benefits enjoyed by developing countries is greater than net cost salaried as shown in this literature view can say that globalisation can actually bring benefits to developing countries.

How internal and external users benefit from financial information

How internal and external users benefit from financial disciplineNowadays the role of field is really important in ancestry because it help the business to grow and expand. Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring, recording and communication economic reading. These steps help the manager to pick out financial decisions to mitigate their business. Internal users use financial data to plan, control and deem decisions ground on the situation and resources of business such as salary price or cost of goods s sometime(a). Furthermore, the external users such as stockholders, suppliers and governments agency withal need the financial report from the business such as frequent Purpose monetary Report (GPFR) or Special Purpose Financial Report (SPFR). In write up developments conceptual framework, there atomic number 18 whatsoever qualitative feature of speechs which rack up information recyclable such as understandability, relevance, reliability and compara bility. This essay volition critical examine the characteristic of accounting information in regard to understandability, relevance, reliability and comparability.The first important characteristic of accounting information to make it useful is understandability. Understandability means that users of accounting information batch be assumed that they nourish reasonable knowledge nigh economic activities and to be able to read a financial report (Ahmed Riahi-Belkaoui, 2004, p186). By this assumption, the users of financial report moldiness postulate reasonable compass point of financial knowledge to help them to read the report. On the other hand, point though the users have responsibility for understanding financial report, the business must provide the understandable financial report. An example of this is there are galore(postnominal) arguments against the new accounting order when the business emergency to replace the old systems because there exit be many users of fin ancial report who can non adapt to understand the new accounting method. As a direct, the financial report will be useless even though the new method is more useful for decision making. The argument also state that the understandability is more important than pertinent. However, the business nowadays is genuinely complex, so that the users must have some advisers to read the financial reports for them if they have fuss to read the reports. For example, the capital providers are unfamiliar with actions the entity will pass to hedge its exposure to financial risks so that they will have difficulty to understand the financial statement which explain the exposure activities. This information, however is relevant to users who making the decisions (Financial accounting standard board, 2008). Finally, the users of accounting information must have reasonable knowledge about financial activities and able to read the accounting report. Moreover, the financial report is useful when it is understandable for the users.Relevant also is a very important characteristic of accounting information because it is the first basal qualitative characteristics of Hierarchy of Desirable Characteristics of Accounting Information (no author, 2007). Relevance is define when the information is usefully associated with the action it is designed to facilitate or the go forth it is designed to produce (Walter B. Meigs, 1979, p37). thitherfore, relevant information can affect managers decisions by changing or plump foring their decisions about the result of activities or events. There are 3 components of relevance which are predictive value, feedback value and timeliness. In the accountings conceptual framework, relevant information is useful for the investors, creditors to evaluate the past, present and in store(predicate) of activities (predictive value) and to confirm their decision (feedback value). The relevant information also has timeliness because the relevant information wi ll reduce their usefulness if the decision makers would not be made within the time limit. In conclude, the relevant information is very useful for the users because they can make the decisions based on the past, present and in store(predicate) of activities.Thirdly, accounting information will not be useful without reliability. reliability in accounting information is defined as the information is truthful, accurate, cease and capable of being verified (Wikianswers, 2008). The reason why accounting information should be reliable is that the users will rely on the information to make decisions. There are three component characteristics in reliability which are verifiability, representational faithfulness and neutrality. The accounting must be verified to confirm the accuracy of information so they can audit or alteration the information. Moreover, the representational faithfulness is defined as the agreement amongst the saloon and actual events, so that the information will be truthful and accurate. Furthermore, the live on component characteristic of reliability is neutral. Neutral information is free from predetermine toward attaining some desired result or inducing a busy mode of behavior (Ahmed Riahi-Belkaoui, 2004, 187) which means that the purport of the information should be unnatural from predetermined results. Finally, if the information does not have reliability, the business can not make decisions based on the information or they may make inappropriate decision which will lead to the negative result.The rifle characteristic of accounting information is comparability which is also the secondary quality. Comparability is solely allows the business or users of information to make a comparison between the variable information. For example, there are three companies which using different method to calculate the depreciation. The first both companies using straight line method, whereas the last one using accelerated depreciation method. As a r esult, the users of information hardly make a decision based on the result because three companies using different method. It should be easier if three companies using the akin method to calculate the depreciation (Ahmed Riahi-Belkaoui, 2004, p187). Consistency is different from comparability because consonance means that the financial statement can be compared within a single company from one accountings period to the next. For example, the company may want to change the accountings system, so that it is hard to compare the information in two periods because they are using different accounting method. Therefore, the accounting information should be comparable, so that the users can make decisions about the future by compare the pasts information and the presents.In conclusion, the accounting information will be useful to the users when they have four characteristics which are understandability, relevance, reliability and comparability. Understandability means that the accounting information should be reported in common ways, so that the users who in reality have knowledge about reading accounting report will understand the report. Furthermore, the accounting information should be relevant, so that the users can make futures decisions based on the past and the present. In addition, reliability also seems to be very important characteristics of accounting information because if the information is inaccurate or untruthful will lead to wrong decisions. Lastly, the accounting information should be comparable so that the users can compare the information every social class to make the appropriate decisions. Therefore, accounting information is very important for the users because it will affect the business, and accounting is needful nowadays.